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Manufacturing in the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom, where the industrial revolution began in the late 18th century, has a long history of manufacturing, which contributed to Britain's early economic growth. During the second half of the 20th century, there was a steady decline in the importance of manufacturing and the economy of the United Kingdom shifted toward services, although manufacturing remained important for overseas trade and accounted for 83% of exports in 2003. In June 2010, manufacturing in the United Kingdom accounted for 8.2% of the workforce and 12% of the country's national output. The East Midlands and West Midlands (at 12.6 and 11.8% respectively) were the regions with the highest proportion of employees in manufacturing. London had the lowest at 2.8%.
==History==
Manufacturing in Britain expanded on an unprecedented scale in the 19th century. The growth was driven by international trading relationships Britain developed with Asia, Europe and the Americas, as well as entrepreneurialism, work ethic and the availability of natural resources such as coal. The main sectors were textiles, iron and steel making, engineering, and later ship building. Between 1809 and 1839 exports tripled, from £25 million to £76 million, while imports nearly doubled, from £28 million to £52 million during the same period. By 1849, exports were £124 million and imports were £79 million. In many industrial sectors, Britain was the largest manufacturer in the world and the most technologically advanced.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/industry-power-and-social-change/ )〕
In the later part of the 19th century, a second phase, sometimes know as the second industrial revolution, developed. Germany and later the United States caught up with and in the early 20th century overtook Britain as the world's largest manufacturers, although Britain remained one of the largest industrial producers. By the middle of the century, 1948, manufacturing (including utilities and oil and gas extraction) made up 48% of the UK economy. In the post-war decades, manufacturing began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry experienced a relative decline. By 2013 the percentage of manufacturing in the economy (including utilities and oil and gas extraction) had fallen to 13%, replaced by services which had risen from 46% to 79% over the same period.
This trend is common in all mature Western economies. Heavy industry, employing many thousands of people and producing large volumes of low-value goods (such as steelmaking) has either become highly efficient (producing the same amount of output from fewer manufacturing sites employing fewer people; for example, productivity in the UK's steel industry increased by a factor of 8 between 1978 and 2006〔http://www.uksteel.org.uk/fact1.htm〕) or has been replaced by smaller industrial units producing high-value goods (such as the aerospace and electronics industries).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.eef.org.uk/resources-and-knowledge/research-and-intelligence/industry-reports/pioneering-great-british-products )〕
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